對於許多人和某些痛失親人的家庭而言，今年的韓國新年顯得比往常沉重而寒冷。
沉重的不只是近月來的經濟蕭條與失業危機，寒冷的也不只是那零下十幾度天氣刮人臉疼的寒風；更是面對執政的大國家黨，一連串撲殺美好的南韓民主時代的意圖，感到沉重而心底寒意竄得直叫人發抖。
一月二十日清晨六點四十分許，一場發生在首爾龍山再開發地區的大火，吞噬了六個人的性命，二十三人輕重傷。這個事件也繼一月初逮捕網民Minerva事件之後，再度迅速吞噬了民眾對執政黨政府的信心。
關於龍山意外
事情來龍去脈大約是這樣的：當地居民在長達一年以來與政府、建設公司之間斡旋未果，向來以激進運動路線聞名的"全國拆遷戶聯合"與在地居民聯合準備了120公升Molotov cocktail與高爾夫球，還吊了個瞭望台在那棟建築物的五樓頂(作為看守哨用)。在一月十九日開始靜坐。這場規模約50人的小型靜坐抗議還發生不到第二天，首爾市警方就出動了一千五百名警力，其中包含一千四百多名一般警察、49名反恐特勤警力來對付、撲滅這場小抗議。這些非地主的在地居民們一心希望獲得更合理完善的安置方式，在這般肅殺氣氛下，已被直接警力介入取代、排除了進一步協商斡旋的可能性。衝突升高，後來釀成大火六死二十三傷的慘劇。
這場事件的背景，是首爾近年來力推的"New Town Project"再開發計畫，這計畫當初被分析為2007年大國家黨大獲全勝的關鍵誘因之一。另一方面，這個街廓裡受拆遷的租戶，實際上大多已是住在當地二、三十年的老居民。據韓國友人說，甚至有人去年初剛捧著大筆積蓄，將自己家進行大翻修，沒想到來年二月就要面對被迫拆遷的命運。像是此次不幸罹難的楊先生原先在汝矣島開日本餐廳，1998金融風暴後無力負擔高額租金，轉至地價較便宜的龍山地區租賃，加入五樓頂抗爭對峙的前一天晚，餐桌上他沮喪說著對自己的貧窮而無能為力感到很抱歉，而後加入這場竟然一去不返的抗爭；另外一名七十歲的死者與其重傷的36歲兒子，在這裡經營一家餐廳長達30年了。他的兒子說:「我們已經住在這裡三十年了，這家餐廳是我們的希望，我們只是想保有這個小生意，保有我們的希望...而不是更多的賠償金...」；對於土地交易過程中的租戶的權利，法律訴訟與協調的管道當然有，但是這管道通或不通，就是另外一回事了。多次的地方法院上訴均遭駁回；建設公司雇用私家保全加以威脅、騷擾租戶，想讓他們知難而退。因此，到底是什麼脈絡和條件下，讓這些或許從未上過街頭的人們，決定以易燃酒精、高架瞭望台，來作為捍衛居住權的最後獲得斡旋機會的武器與防線，可想而知了。
意外發生地點，離地鐵新龍山站稍有一段距離。但事件發生隔天(21日)我和幾個朋友一起去抗議時，訝異的是警察人數之多，大概是數十輛巴士尺寸警車排滿大馬路兩側，綿延超過一公里長，沿著鑲滿警車的馬路走，很快就找到了那幢黑灰與碎玻璃滿佈的五層建築。警察們裝備陣仗隆重以待(個個鋼盔面罩加上防彈護甲)，也令我在驚訝之餘，不禁懷疑起這些「警察」們到底成了"誰"的保姆？又想像自己在對抗著什麼？官方又怎麼可以如此殘忍，直接將爭端從「政府-租戶-建商」之間轉移、留給警力直接"解決"。
歷經一個多小時的集會後，大家迅速在口耳相傳下，搭個地鐵轉移抗議陣地，到熱鬧的逛街地點--明洞。全拆聯的行動者駕著廣播宣傳車，警方也速度不落人後的上前以盾牌相堵。近日來對於市民社會的高壓氣氛令人納悶現在究竟是倒回什麼時代了!?當日晚上，氣溫很低冷，明洞聖堂前的集會，也吸引一些路過市民到台前來，一吐對獨裁氣氛的驚訝與恐慌感。而後約莫十點解散後，廣大的抗議人群也混雜著逛街的人群裡，與其說是集會，大家更像似有若無地在散步，整個街道上充斥著默契齊一的吶喊："警-察-滾-開-!!"
事件後續：星星之火，燎起民主危機
1.「真相調查」可能成為另類的市民社會暴力
1)官方事件調查的爭議傾向
事件發生後，就連一些保守媒體也在社論上評論，區區的警察廳廳長為下令過當而辭職，真是便宜了這些人的無謂犧牲。後續的官方真相調查執行爭議不小，例如，意外發生後，國家科學調查委員會逕行解剖調查再請罹難者家屬領屍，未經家屬同意的粗莽作法讓這些家屬很憤怒。另外，自意外發生當日，眾多人權團體也組成參與調查聯盟，要求能展開公平調查。因為政府與一些主流媒體報導，均傾向將大火意外責任，歸咎於"激進的專業運動人士"所致。目前該聯盟領導人已被逮捕。而警方也派遣特勤隊的原因、造成大火意外的矛頭，特別指向因為"專業的運動人士"從旁協助、提高對立場面所致。一面將罹難者歸為無判斷力、受有心人士指引下的無辜受害者，一面將協助爭取權益的團體汙名化，因為，對他們而言，重覆全撤聯過往的紀錄也幫助合理化接下來談租賃權的相關修法計畫(下段有說明)。這種官方發布消息的敘事策略，模糊問題並鎖定焦點的過程明顯。
2)再開發計畫令誰得利？
龍山地區著名的除了電子商城以外，也是美軍基地所在地之一。2006年宣布的New Town Project將在全國展開的大規模都市再發展計畫，首爾市裡就有二十六區將執行。除了其中一項重點是驅趕性產業、將矛頭指向全面清除紅燈區以外，也將大幅影響居住在這些土地上的租賃戶。因為，翻新後上漲的地價決非原先租賃的住戶承擔得起，而根據過往經驗，原住戶在更新後得以原地居住比率不過10-15%。
首爾龍山地區的意外，掀起過往埋藏在賠償金協商了事下的居住權問題，也掀起New Town Project的冰山一角。相關議題在南韓全國延燒，例如京畿道龍仁市御井洞就有租戶也設置了兩個瞭望亭，針對當地再發展計畫藐視租戶居住權問題，抗議至今達14個月。然而，今天韓國新聞報導中指出，龍山意外帶給執政黨的檢討是，他們計畫進一步在二月會期重啟時修法，規定未來的都市再發展計畫中，賠償金協調不得有第三者團體介入(避免"專業的"運動團體如全拆聯，助燃起更高的官民對立)，只許地主、承租戶與建設公司之間作協調。
龍山意外後續的國際動員號召: http://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/34545
{轉貼} Stop forced evictions and further death in South Korea
張貼者：
KatieC
標籤：
人權,
都市再發展,
activism,
social movement
In South Korea, 5 people died while protesting against an imminent forced eviction
1. Summary of the Incidence
At 6 a.m. on 20th January, people who were asking for solutions to avoid eviction in February in Youngsan-Gu, Seoul lost their lives as a consequence of violent oppression from the police. A 1500 strong police force was dispatched to disperse about 50 protesters. The police actions taken toward these protesters were similar to those taken in times war. Less than a day after those facing eviction started protesting and without further conversations or an effort to discuss the issues, the government dispatched a special police force and staged an anti-terror operation. After the police entered the building where the protesters were, a fire broke out and the circumstances became dangerous. However, without taking any safety measures, the police proceeded with the operation which resulted in the death of 5 protesters and 1 police officer.
Dispatching a special police force for an anti-terror operation in less than 24 hours is a rare case even in South Korea. Since the Conservatives took power however, the police have often cracked down on protesters in a violent way. This incidence also happened under this context.
A place to pray for the dead was set up at the spot of the incident. Despite of it being the Korean New Year holiday, visits from people continue. A fact finding committee composed of civilian organizations is carrying out investigations whilst the government is trying to close the case as soon as possible.
2. Background and Characteristics
It is well known that there are many problems coupled to rapid re-development projects in South Korea. Existing solutions (such as compensations, providing temporary place to stay etc) are neither realistic nor properly implemented. It is especially worrisome that forced eviction, which is prohibited under international human rights law, is being pursued under the auspices of the government.
South Korea, who is a signatory to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, was requested twice by the Committee on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to provide protection to victims of forced evictions. However, as shown in this case, the South Korea government violated its obligation to respect the right to an adequate housing and to not being forcibly evicted. It also violated its obligation to protect the safety and the life of victims of forced evictions.
For over a year, lodgers in the re-development project area demanded the Yongsan-Gu Office for appropriate protection. The Yongsan-Gu Office provided no opportunity for talk or negotiation. Local lodgers went to the Youngsan-Gu Office to file an appeal but got rejected. During this appeal process, private security officers hired by the construction company threatened the lodgers and sexually harassed them. However, the police did not take any action against the private security officer's practices. Despite the fact that eviction in the cold season requires the taking of special measures prior to the eviction, the Youngsan-Gu Office approved the construction company's request to initiate the re-development from February. Lodgers faced with forced eviction entered the empty building to stage protests against this process and lost their life due to violent police operation.
Lodgers living in re-development areas are excluded from both the process and results of re-development projects as they do not own a property in the area. Re-development to improve the housing condition causes inequality in housing as many lodgers have to move into a place worse than their previous housing. A serous problem is that in the previously re-developed area, only 10~15 % of local residents will get to stay in that same area.
Lodgers suffer a serious violation of their housing rights during the re-development process. The aim of re-development projects should be in improvement of housing conditions and relieving poverty for the people living there. The government is obliged to provide necessary information and guarantee participation for people living there regardless of their ownership of the housing. However, these demands are ignored by the government and the construction companies who get benefits from the re-development in South Korea.
On the other hand, the investigation carried out at the government level is criticized for being biased. The police carried out autopsies of the bodies of the victims without the consent of their families. The police report on the incident was revealed to be false in light of a variety of evidence reported by the major media. The police attitude, which is neither democratic nor transparent, creates deeper mistrust. A fair and impartial system for the investigation is urgently required. Rather than trying to close the case as soon as possible, an effort to prevent this kind of tragedy from happening again and a guarantee of democratic participation are required.
3. Demands
․ Guarantee participation of civil organizations in the investigation process to secure a fair and thorough investigation.
․ Punish those responsible for the incidence.
․ Review current re-development projects which do not guarantee the right to housing of the lodgers.
․ Guarantee the right to housing as a human right.
4. Action for everyone
We would like to show international support at the second pan-national memorial for the dead. Please email us your supporting messages and let us know whether you would sign our statement by noon of the 30th January. Please also send us a copy of your complaints for those responsible. Sending complaints for those responsible continues until mid February.
Email to Sarangbang Group for Human Rights : humanrights@sarangbang.or.kr
1) Send us your supporting messages.
2) Please sign the statement below.
We urge the South Korean government to protect victims of forced evictions and to carry out a thorough investigation and punish the responsible for the deaths that occurred during the police action in Youngsan-Gu, Seoul 20th January 2009
We pray for the repose of the deceased who protested to secure the right to housing. With sorrow and anger about the deaths, we send our warmest regards to the family. We feel devastated with the reality that a demand for a living with dignity turned into a death and send our support to the family and people in South Korea who resist against the government.
We pay attention to the fact that this incidence was rooted in the problems of the re-development process in South Korea and resulted from a unilateral over-use of public power. We regret that the South Korean government has attacked its citizens who protested against forced eviction and tried to protect their right to housing. Dispatching a special police force is an act of labeling its citizens as a terrorist group, which is contrary to the state's obligation to respect and protect the rights of its citizens. The government further damaged its fairness and trust by trying to close the case as soon as possible and in carrying out autopsies of the bodies without consent of the family's concerned. We urge the South Korean government to apologize to the families concerned and come up with measures to prevent a similar case happening again in future. We demand the acceptance of responsibility for this incident from Seokgi Kim, the head of the Seoul Police, Sehoon Won, the minister of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, Jangkyu Park, the head of the Yongsan-Gu Office, Dongsan Baek, the head of Yongsan Police
We confirm that the aim of re-development projects should lie on improving the right to housing. We are concerned that the re-development process in South Korea has become a means to earn more money for certain groups, such as construction companies, rather than follow an approach based on international human rights law. Under the international human rights perspective, forced evictions are a clear violation of human rights. Despite the fact that the South Korean government should, as a signatory to the ICESCR, take steps to prevent forced evictions, the government itself used police force against citizens who tried to realize their right to housing, resulting in the death of five citizens and one police officer. According to human rights organizations in South Korea, for over a year demands by lodgers in the re-development project area for appropriate protection, talks and negotiations were rejected by the Yongsan-Gu Office. They had asked several times to make plans for re-settlement but received no answers back. Out of desperation prior to the forced eviction, these people staged protests that cost them their lives. We urge the South Korean government to review any re-development projects that do not provide protection to the lodgers and that do not guarantee the participation of citizens.
Sending our support and expressing our solidarity to those in South Korea demanding a thorough investigation and punishment of the responsible, we urge the following:
* Guarantee participation of civil organizations in the investigation process to secure a fair and through investigation.
* Punish those responsible for the incidence.
* Review current re-development projects which do not guarantee the right to housing of the lodgers.
* Recognize housing as a human right and guarantee this right to housing.
3) Please, send any protesting messages to the following addresses:
Myung-bak Lee, the president of South Korea
http://www.bluehouse.go.kr/kr/index.php
1 Sejongno Jonno gu
Seoul Korea(110-820)
Tel +822-730-5800
Fax: +822-770-4943/+822-770-2440
Sehoon Won, the minister of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security
http://www.mopas.go.kr
Tel +822-2100-3000
Fax: +822-2100-4001
Seokgi Kim, the head of the Seoul Police
http://www.smpa.go.kr
Tel +822-720-3993
Fax: +822-754-7000
Sehoon Oh, the Mayor of Seoul (Metropolis)
http://www.seoul.go.kr
Tel: +822-731-6060
Fax +822-737-8688
Jangkyu Park, the head of the Yongsan-Gu Office
http://www.yongsan.seoul.kr
Tel: +822-710-3333
Fax +822-718-0333
最近兩個禮拜忙翻了，
但是因為沒效率極了，很低潮...
最近在韓國發生的一堆社會事件也讓人氣極倒足胃口又低潮...
先是以色列沒完沒了的屠殺
大家繼續無法完了的大使館抗議
再是一個專寫經濟方面評論的網民'Minerva'讓李明博政府相當恐慌
巨大無能政府面對一個無名小民表達恐懼的方式
就是逮捕他 現在甚至企圖立法規範所有人在網路上表達意見得用真實身分...
網路全面的警察化
然後呢 今天清晨發生了一件可怕的事
為了對付首爾龍山地區一堆拆遷戶與全國拆遷戶聯合的聯手抗爭
首爾市政府甚至派出特警(他們說是"特攻隊")來對付
一團混亂狀況下
這個抗議才開始第二天
六個人死了 五名拆遷戶與一名警察
朋友的朋友的親人 一個老奶奶就這麼死在醫院裡
今天下班後，我和一位在巴勒斯坦獨立組織的韓國朋友，一起去參加位在鐘閣的以色列大使館前的燭光和平集會抗議。
這場集會既組織化又自由，組織者偶爾出來串場。這個場沒有明顯的台，大家隨時想上來說自己感受就"上台"。各式各樣的人都有，印象深刻的是，這樣的反戰活動竟然也有高中生投入。除了一些組織工作者、巴勒斯坦人(嗎?)上台喊話以外，前後有兩個高中女生、男生上台，一個戴著眼鏡的小女生包著頭巾，上台朗讀自己寫給以色列政府的信抗議他們的暴行。也有人上台介紹，自己只是個路人甲，碰巧經過鐘閣，碰巧聽到這場活動裡不同人上台說明，才曉得一直活在"小世界"的自己，這段期間無知的錯過了什麼。他聽了淚流滿面。我觀察到不少上台說話的男生，都不住哽咽或流下感性的眼淚。台下的我雖然聽不懂，但光那哽咽語氣與神情，深深感染全場。
台上的人說著可怕的消息，以色列軍隊事實上已開始使用違反日內瓦協約(Geneva Accord)的生化武器大量攻擊無助的加薩人，另外，親美的埃及政府反應也殘酷地令人失望。當鄰境一些加薩走廊難民無處可逃，試圖跨越邊境到埃及時，埃及當局選擇的是開槍射殺這些手無寸鐵的難民。對她們而言，難道努力求生是種錯誤嗎？
中間的橋段--大家丟鞋砸在血跡斑斑的以色列國旗上嚴正抗議。集會尾聲，從馬路另一端一些人抬著披上巴勒斯坦國旗的棺木緩緩進場，我們紛紛把蠟燭插在棺木旁祈願與哀悼。
小後記：在往鐘閣的路上，我們搭著緩慢搭啷前進的一號線一邊散聊。我們談到這類國際反戰運動在韓國或在台灣是如何起易(?)持難；然後我也問了個似蠢而竊以為重要的問題。就是這類事件在大多媒體報導上看來，是僅存在於國際領導間高空斡旋盤整的棋局，究竟民眾運動怎麼發揮實質效力咧?不只是集體宣洩人道主義的傷感，也不只是無助也無盡的難民後勤補給，又或者，更該問的是，怎麼衡度民眾反戰運動的影響力？看到星洲日報這圖片報導全球的<反以色列潮>恍然大悟之餘也不禁慚愧一番。
韓相關組織Links
Palestine Peace Solidarity
Imagination for International Solidarity
這是12/26我們一團人在The Clubbing Day去Evans，拍了一點我的愛團的表演。
節錄一段小八的感想文並附上影片一點。
先說說jazz bar，虹虹家住在弘益大學附近，如果硬要用自己的地域文化理解別人的話，大概可以有點類比西門町加溫羅汀加東區再稍微攪拌一下，街角常常亂哄哄的又充滿活力，各式餐廳、逛街小店、bookcafe、卡啦ok、pub、club，流行的通俗的異類的通通都有。
然後那個jazz bar叫Evans club，沒錯，就是Bill Evans，店門招牌還掛了Evans在爵士肖像的那張圖片。我們分別與小虹的同事們去了兩次，第一次是去錯的，因為因為搞錯團了，但是也既來之則安之的進入欣賞，第一天看的團很學院派，乾淨整齊，中規中矩，但是少了與現場觀眾的互動與樂手互尬的火花。
第二天看了兩個團，第一個團曲風偏藍調，全員到齊的時候有10個人(包括3個女歌手與1個男歌手)，眾多樂手演奏起來，再加藍調歌喉的爆發力，非常熱鬧，樂手們的即興solo也相當不錯。第一個團結束演出時，已經覺得心滿意足了。
第二個團叫做to be quarted(哎哎因為他們是英文團名所以才記得，我真得趕快學韓文啊)，這個團才是小虹她們之前要來看的團，前半場的演出其實是三重奏，鋼琴、bass與鼓，樂手約莫都才20出頭，成軍才3個月，可是實力非常驚人，集體即興的默契十足，個人即興更是精彩，可以感覺到是盡了全身氣力在表演的那種，鋼琴手彈到激動的忍不住站起來晃動身體，鼓手則是入神到閉上眼睛，全憑感覺且青筋暴露的敲打著。而另外那一奏，是女主唱，她沒有上台演出的時候，就跟著觀眾在台下欣賞，很熱情的帶動觀眾鼓掌與歡呼。
女主唱上台後，實力更是驚人，她不只是唱西洋的歌，他們改編韓國傳統音樂元素融到jazz裡，跟觀眾互動的唱歌，她很也擅著用一些小小的道具，像是泡泡機、傳統扇子等製造各種舞台效果與互動情境，她很放得開，但又是一種很舒服式的展演，在台上隨意的甩頭、跳躍，像是一個神奇的音樂精靈，很輕易就讓全場放鬆又開心，唱功更是實力與創意兼俱。
原文投至苦勞
最近韓國多個電視台工會陸陸續續掀起罷工潮，一波波集體行動炒熱了這項年底休會前翻修媒體相關法令議案。但是大多數平面媒體資訊裡，僅概略提到首先發難的MBC電視台如何應對大罷工後的節目開天窗狀況，或此次媒體法的修法項目，卻未進一步述及掀起這場大罷工波瀾的背後結構性動機。媒體大罷工、聖誕節前夕的國會立委暴力事件，以及全國媒體工會在國會大廈所在地汝矣島發起的抗議集會之間的密切關聯，共同呈現的反對媒體私有化與財閥化(chaebol)的鬥爭圖像。
這些表象的修法爭議之所以引起媒體業全面性大罷工，其脈絡無獨有偶，恰與台灣最近的「搶救公視」行動、擺脫政治控制相似，爭的同是媒體獨立、新聞自由。(最近與韓國朋友前往現場感受寒天人肉冰棒般的堅定抗爭，所以這篇整理文的資訊大致是綜合整理抗議現場資訊與韓國媒體報導。)
場內在野勢力封鎖現場‧場外工會罷工與市民抗議
汝矣島國會場外的群眾不畏寒風堅定的進行和平集會抗議，寒風中大家手持著蠟燭看板呼喊著「李明博的七大邪惡法案」、「文明的獨裁時代降臨」、「拒絕為財閥服務的惡法」，因風搖曳著的辣熱的點點燭光在惡冷的溫度裡，正如同在艱難的時局裡盡一切可能的掙扎抵抗。另一方面，在國會場內，由於在野總席次不足(總席次299席中，大國家黨佔據了172席，民主黨83席)的無力情況，民主黨與民主勞動黨的國會立法委員們使出殺手鐧—封鎖所有進入國會議事堂的出入通道，不讓執政黨立法委員們進入會場，直至年底議案結束。然而，追溯這類看似匪夷所思的行徑，最近一次翻版拷貝正是大國家黨令人印象深刻的前車之鑑--六月會期，在未經朝野協商狀態下，以四道重鎖自封現場、不讓反對黨進入，而私自通過了高度爭議的韓美FTA協定。
七項媒體相關法令轉惡：岌岌可危的韓國媒體生態
目前韓國三大電視媒體分別是SBS，KBS與MBC。由於這三大電視公司SBC、KBS與MBC的公私持股結構中，SBC已全然私有化，KBS是較不受影響的公共電視台，MBC的結構則處於公/私股比例是七比三，且前些日子KBC的董事長才剛被裁撤換人，因此這次罷工行動中打頭陣的是MBC。
此次執政黨大國家黨計畫透過修改七項媒體與隱私權相關法令，漸進式全面私有化MBC與KBS2。翻修媒體相關法規過程中引起爭議的法案主要包括：解除長期以來限制報社兼掌電視台所有權的規定；提高持股公司資本額門檻--南韓現有的媒體法裡，規定私部門欲持有電視新聞頻道，門檻是公司資本額必須達到三兆韓圜(大約兩百三十萬美金)；設置門檻的原意是為了防止媒體過度擴張氾濫，然而此次修法中，韓國國家通訊委員會(Korea Communications Commission)版本建議提高持股公司資本額門檻至10兆韓圜，讓具備財閥經濟實力者才得以進場遊戲。一旦報社與大企業進入電視台產業，可持有股份最高達最高20% 。對於大國家黨提案全面私有化媒體市場，許多大財團顯然是其有力後盾且躍躍欲試。目前一個單一營運者市場佔有率不得超越五分之一，但大國家黨的提案中，將把這比率提升至三分之一高。
修法表象背後的隱藏政治動機--謀殺媒體民主
關於大國家黨的修法動機，出現幾個合理的政治陰謀論推測：一是先前美國牛肉爭議時，MBC曾播放過相關報導紀錄片，調查並揭露美國牛肉的問題。二是1997年與2002年兩度失守總統席位的大國家黨深知媒體作為政治攻防戰的關鍵前線。因而，進一步掌控新聞媒體成了此次修法背後隱而未顯的政治議程。除了試圖透過全面性私有化、掌控言論傾向以外；長期以來引領韓國保守界的三大龍頭報業—朝鮮日報、東亞日報與中央日報，被預料是此次媒體法攻防戰的贏家。目前朝鮮與中央日報都已各自開始營運有線頻道。一個不願具名的韓國通訊委員會資深委員表示，在新制底下，既有的平面媒體裡只有這三大報業有資格建立或取得電視頻道。
甚至，韓國國家通訊委員會宣布，為了刺激媒體產業成長，除了KBS1頻道以外，其他地面波頻道都應轉型為私營企業體。在其規劃下，KBS1將類同於BBC，而欲收看其他頻道，未來也許都須向韓國的電視用戶另外收取廣播接收費。MBC的私有化，正是私有化媒體市場的開端；上週韓國國家通訊委員會主委Choi See-joong甚至公開表示：「當下是MBC該決定他自己的未來方向，隨著媒體市場的全面重組，MBC有兩條路可走，要不就是完全轉為公共服務頻道，要不就成為完全的私人企業」。
發表文章
